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The Australian Open is one of the tennis tournaments in the Grand Slam category organised since 1905. It takes place every year in Melbourne, Australia and takes place in January. The tournament was first played on grass from 1905 to 1987 and has been played on a hard synthetic surface since 1988.
Present
The Australian Open is one of the four tournaments that make up the Grand Slam. The other three are the French Tennis Open (Roland Garros), Wimbledon and the US Open. These four tournaments are the most important competitions on the tennis circuit. Held in recent years during the second half of January, the Australian Open is chronologically the first major tennis event of the season. Like Wimbledon and the US Open, this tournament has a central court with a sliding roof used in case of bad weather or extreme heat.
History
New Zealand and the States of Australia are the direct descendants of the British colonies in Australasia (an entity comprising Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and the surrounding islands): before the first Australasian Championships were held in November 1905, it was decided that the tournament would be held alternately in all the States of Australia and New Zealand. In 1927 the tournament changed its name to the Australian Championships. From the 1972 edition (26 December 1971 – 2 January 1972) the championships were permanently established in the city of Melbourne. In addition to this city (with 50 editions), the championships were held in Sydney (17 times), Adelaide (14 times), Brisbane (8 times), Perth (3 times), and New Zealand (2 times) in 1906 in Christchurch and 1912 in Hastings.
Due to its geographical distance, this tournament was long ignored by foreigners (in the 1920s it took about 45 days to travel from the Mediterranean to Australia by sea) and the first tennis players to fly to Melbourne were the players from the United States in November 1946 who came to play the Davis Cup challenge round. Until 1968 the tournament can be assimilated almost to a national amateur championship. In the early years this tournament was just a state championship where it was held. For example, the Perth editions only attracted players from the surrounding area at the time: those from the east coast (Sydney, Melbourne) who had to travel nearly 3,000 km by train did not make the trip. Ditto for the championships in Brisbane, etc. In New Zealand in 1906 in a table of ten players only two Australians made the trip.
The first tournament ever held in Australasia was the Victoria Colony Championship (which became the Victoria State Championship at the time of Australia’s independence), held in Melbourne in 1880 (two editions that year), which in fact became the most important tournament in Australasia until the time of the first Australasian championships: At the time, the two best players in the southern hemisphere, the Australian Norman Brookes, who gave his name to the cup awarded to the winner of the men’s singles, and the New Zealander Anthony Wilding despised the Australian championship: the former would only play this championship once and win it in 1911, and the latter would come twice as successfully in 1906 and 1909.
To solve their supremacy problem, the two players preferred to play in the Victoria championship, where they met twice in the final in 1906 and 1909. Wilding did not even participate in the Australasian championships organised in his own country in New Zealand in 1912, whereas that year he won Wimbledon for the third consecutive time (working in London for several years he could not afford the long and costly journey (this was unique at the time: Norman Brookes, winner of Wimbledon in 1907, and working in Melbourne, no longer returned to Wimbledon before 1914 and, incidentally, won the tournament).
Thus many great players never or rarely play in this tournament: some such as the Renshaw brothers, the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš and others never come, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Donald Budge, Jaroslav Drobný, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase at 35 years old, Björn Borg only play in the tournament once.
From 1969, the date of the first Australian Open, held on the Milton Courts of Brisbane, the tournament is open to all players and in particular to professional players, previously banned. Nevertheless, with the exception of 1969 and 1971 (introduction of tie-break in that year) the tournament suffers from the absence of the best players in the world until 1982 inclusive (for example, the best player in the table, Johan Kriek, is only ranked 12th in the ATP): because of the distance, the dates of the tournament (Christmas and New Year’s Day) and the low prices offered (in 1970, George MacCall, the promoter of the National Tennis League (composed, in the men’s category, of Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle), did not allow his players to play in the Australian Open because the guarantees offered were clearly insufficient).
In 1983, a change occurred, Ivan Lendl and John McEnroe entered the tournament and Mats Wilander, who was to play the Davis Cup final at the Australian Open (Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne) a few days after the tournament, decided to register for the championships to train (training succeeded beyond all expectations since the Swede won the tournament): from 1983 onwards, the Australian Open began to earn its Grand Slam title because most of the best players in the world were now competing in the tournament. From 1977 to 1985, the tournament was played at the end of the year in December and then in January from the 1987 edition (which explains why no competition was organised in Melbourne in 1986). In 1988, under pressure from the International Federation, the Kooyong site, which had become too old, was abandoned in favour of a much larger and more modern stadium, Flinders Park (renamed from Melbourne Park).
The move to Melbourne Park was an immediate success, with a 90 percent increase in attendance in 1988 (266,436) over the previous year in Kooyong (140,000). The tournament is now played on a hard surface, the Rebound Ace, similar to the Decoturf of the US Open but slower. After several formulas, the tournament is played like any other Grand Slam: with 128 players (7 matches for the title) and all matches in five sets. Since 1995, the year Andre Agassi first competed in this championship, none of the best players in the world have been turning a blind eye to this tournament, which has since become one of the four largest tennis competitions, with only injuries or suspensions explaining absences. Since 2002, there are 32 seeded teams and in 2003 the tie-break is introduced in matches in 3 sets (doubles and mixed). Since 2008 the surface used is Plexicushion which replaced the old Rebound Ace.
Before moving to Melbourne Park, the tournament underwent, in addition to site changes, many changes in dates, especially in the early years, depending on the seasons of the various cities or disasters such as war: the 1919 edition was held in January 1920 and the 1920 edition in March of the same year; in Brisbane an edition took place in August 1923 during the warmer and less humid seasons. After a first edition in 1977 played straddling 1976 and 1977, the organisers decided to move the next tournament forward a few days: a second edition ended on 31 December 1977, but this mini measure did not appeal to any great player. In 1982 the edition was reduced from the end of December to mid-December: the latter date was retained until 1985. This time the organizers decided to postpone the next edition by one month (mid-January), which therefore only took place in January 1987. Consequently, the 1986 edition does not take place (which compensates for the 1977 “surplus”).
Statistics
- In 1908, the American Fred Alexander became the first non-Australasian to win the men’s singles tournament, followed by the French Jean Borotra in 1928 and the Peruvian Alex Olmedo in 1959 for the Pre-Open Era.
- The competition was not open to women until 1922.
- Margaret Smith Court holds the record for most titles in a single Grand Slam tournament (men and women combined) with 11 wins from 1960 to 1973, including 7 consecutive (1960-1966).
- In 2013, Novak Djokovic became the first player of the Open era to win the tournament three times in a row. Previously, no player from the Open era had won the Australian Open more than twice in a row, with Mats Wilander and Ivan Lendl failing in their third final. In the women’s event, the record for consecutive titles since the beginning of the Open era is three, and 5 players have achieved it: Margaret Smith (1969-1971), Evonne Goolagong (1974-1976), Steffi Graf (1988-1990), Monica Seles (1991-1993) and Martina Hingis (1997-1999).
- Mark Edmondson is the last Australian to win in 1976, John Marks having failed in the final in 1978.
Courts and surfaces
Since 1988, the Australian Open has been held in Melbourne Park (known as the National Tennis Centre until 1996), with 23 courts used for competition and training. The main stadium of this tennis complex is the Rod Laver Arena (formerly called Center Court until 2000) with a capacity of approximately 15,000 seats. Since its construction in 1988, this court has had a retractable roof that allows it to be used in the event of rain or excessive heat thanks to a ventilation system. This feature made the Australian Open the first Grand Slam tournament to have a roof before being joined in 2009 by the Wimbledon2 tournament. The second most important court is the Hisense Arena built in 2000. It can accommodate 10,500 spectators and also has a retractable roof, making the Australian Open the only Grand Slam tournament with two courts that can be covered3. The Margaret Court Arena (formerly Show Court One) opened in 1988 is the third largest court in Melbourne Park and has a capacity of 6,000 seats. The Australian Open plans to build a roof for this court in 2015, in addition to expanding it to 7,500 seats4. Finally, Show Courts 2 and 3 each have a capacity of 3,000 seats.
Since 2007, the Australian Open has been using the Hawk-Eye video system to determine whether or not a ball is within the field’s limits. In 2013, Show Courts 2 and 3 are equipped with this system for the first time, bringing the number of courts equipped (with the three main courts) to five.
Until 1988, the Australian Open was played on grass, the original tennis surface still used at Wimbledon and used at the US Open until 1974. This surface is characterised by its high speed and low rebound, favouring offensive players, particularly those who are keen on flying. In 1988, when it moved to Melbourne Park, the Australian Open opted for a hard surface, a choice already made by the US Open in 1978. However, the organization chooses the Rebound Ace and not the Decoturf (surface of the US Open). This green surface is slightly slower than its American counterpart and does not really favour one type of game over another.
Thus, outside the French Tennis Open, the Australian Open is the most successful Grand Slam for defensive players. Since the 2000s and the change of surface area at Wimbledon, as well as the decline of the volleyball service in favour of a game that favours bottom court exchanges, the specific characteristics of each Grand Slam tournament in terms of the game played are less obvious. In 2008, the Australian Open decided to change its surface to the blue Prestige PlexiCushion type, which is more suitable for television broadcasts and better absorbs shocks, which better protects players from injuries. In addition, Plexicushion is more resistant to heat while in high temperatures, Rebound Ace tended to cause irregular rebounds. According to the tournament director, Plexicushion is faster than the grass of the Wimbledon Tournament and the clay at Roland-Garros but a little slower than the surface of the US Open.