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The Primera División is the highest Spanish football league. It has existed since the 1929 season and is run by the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) (known as LaLiga, legally Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional). From 2008 to 2016, the league bore the sponsor name Liga BBVA. In 2016 it was renamed LaLiga Santander, according to the nickname from the English-speaking area.
According to the current UEFA five-year ranking, Spanish league football clubs have achieved the best results in European competitions over the last five years.
Rules
The league consists of twenty clubs, which play the champions in a first and second round. The places in the table are determined by the points scored in the games: three points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points in the event of defeat. Unlike in the Bundesliga, the difference in points is not immediately determined by the goal difference, but by the results of direct encounters between teams with the same number of points.
This currently results in 38 match days. Due to the hot Spanish summer, the season starts relatively late compared to the other major European leagues, usually at the end of August or beginning of September and ends in June. An earlier end can only be expected if the season is followed by a World Championship or a European Championship. Only over Christmas and New Year’s Eve there is always a short break, which is why there is usually a match day on workdays in the week before Christmas. The games generally take place on weekends, but are staggered in such a way that usually no more than one match is played at a time. This results in kick-off times from 12 o’clock at noon to 22 o’clock in the evening.
According to the current UEFA five-year standings, the champions and the runners-up will play in the group phase of the Champions League. The clubs in fifth and sixth place will play in the Europa League. The last three finishers will be relegated to the Segunda División.
The winner of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish Cup competition, will also be entitled to a place in the Europa League.
There have been many changes since the league was founded in 1929. Since 1929, the only constant has been that the direct comparison before the goal difference (formerly: goal ratio) is decisive when two teams have the same number of points. The number of teams has changed as follows.
Prehistory
The Copa del Rey existed before the league was founded and has been awarded since 1902. In addition, each Spanish province or region had its own league. Examples are the Campeonato de Catalunya in Catalonia or the Campeonato Centro in Madrid and surroundings. Football developed rapidly in Spain, and soon the first national stars such as Pichichi, Josep Samitier, Paulino Alcántara and above all Ricardo Zamora were to be found.
Professional football was introduced in 1926, and the first stars could only live from their salary as players. Soon there was an effort to establish a national league. However, this was more difficult than initially assumed, as the envoys of the leagues of Catalonia and the Basque Country were particularly reluctant to do so. In these leagues the footballing quality was already strong and many good teams had developed and made a name for themselves. In addition, there were many logistical problems at the time; trips to away matches could take four to five days. They agreed on an initial size of ten teams: all those who had won the Copa del Rey and the finalists.
Successor to Real Club Fortuna Vigo and former finalists Real Vigo Sporting Club – known as Vigo FC, they had reached the final in 1908 – Celta Vigo also expected a place in the first division. The rest of the clubs were against it, as the trip to Vigo in the furthest corner of Spain would have been the most expensive and longest for almost all the teams. This resulted in nine founding members. For the tenth starting place a small tournament was organized. In the final Racing Santander won against Celta Vigo.
Founding members
- From the Basque Country: Athletic Bilbao; Real Unión Irún; Arenas de Getxo; Real Sociedad
- From Madrid: Real Madrid; Atlético Madrid
- From Catalonia: FC Barcelona; Espanyol Barcelona; CE Europe
- Racing Santander qualified as a team from another region
Organization of professional football
The Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) was officially established on 26 July 1984 and, under the umbrella of the Spanish Federation, is responsible for the organisation, organisation, licensing and marketing of the two professional Spanish leagues, the Primera División and the Segunda División A. The LFP is a professional association of the Spanish professional leagues. It is formed by all professional football clubs and corporations.
With 23 other national professional league associations, the LFP is a founding member of the World Leagues Forum, which was founded in Zurich in February 2016. One of its aims is to centralise the interests of the professional leagues and represent their common views before FIFA and other institutions from the world of sport and politics.
Structure of the associations
Until the early 1990s, most Spanish clubs were organised according to club law. The high indebtedness of many clubs and the lack of transparency of their finances, which threatened the survival of all Spanish professional football, led to the adoption on 15 October 1990 of a law requiring and regulating the transformation of clubs into Sociedades anónimas deportivas (SAD). Excepted from this rule and still structured today as sports clubs in the classical sense are only Real Madrid, FC Barcelona, Athletic Bilbao and CA Osasuna.
In contrast to the football corporations from England, Italy or Germany, no club in Spain is listed on the stock exchange.
Current popularity of the clubs
A nationwide survey carried out in June 2014 by CIS, the Spanish public opinion research institute, showed the popularity of the gap between the two big clubs and the rest. 37.9% of Spaniards responded to the question of which football club they liked most, Real Madrid, followed by FC Barcelona with 25.4%. The next most popular club was Atlético Madrid, which 6.1% of Spaniards liked most, followed by FC Valencia (3.5%) and Athletic Bilbao (3.3%).
Funding
With sales of 2.526 billion euros in 2016, the Primera Division is the third strongest football league after the English Premier League and the German Bundesliga and the seventh strongest sports league in terms of sales. According to the Spanish government alone, despite high revenues the clubs of the first division had debts totalling around 490 million euros with the tax office on 1 January 2012 alone. The total debts of the Primera Division amounted to around 3.5 billion euros in 2012.
In recent years, the Primera División have had a relatively constant average of 29,000 spectators per match, which corresponds to 380 matches per year in about 11 million stadium visitors per season. The clubs with the highest numbers of spectators are Real Madrid and FC Barcelona, whose stadiums, Santiago Bernabéu and Camp Nou respectively, often host over 70,000 spectators per match on a seasonal average.
Both FC Valencia (Nou Mestalla) and Atlético Madrid (Estadio de Madrid) will have new stadiums in the near future, Athletic Bilbao and FC Barcelona are working on renovation and expansion projects, which is why an increase in the average number of spectators in Spain can be expected in the medium term.
Another characteristic of Spanish football is that most of the major clubs such as Real Madrid, FC Barcelona, FC Valencia, Atlético Madrid and Athletic Bilbao own their venues. The Estadio Riazor in A Coruña and La Romareda in Zaragoza, which are in public ownership, are currently the exceptions among the largest football stadiums. As a result, stadium revenues account for a significant share of turnover, similar to that of many Premier League clubs and unlike, for example, Italy. In the 2007/08 financial year, Real Madrid posted €101.0 million in stadium revenues and FC Barcelona €91.5 million, representing 28% and 29% of their annual revenues respectively.
Television subsidies
Similar to the other major European leagues, income from television revenues plays a crucial role in the financing of clubs. However, similar to Serie A and unlike Germany or England, Spain has opted for decentralised marketing, so clubs market their rights independently. As a result, the financial divide between the major clubs, essentially Real Madrid and FC Barcelona, and the rest is wide. In the 2007/08 season, the “royals” received € 135.8 million from TV marketing, while FC Barcelona received € 116.2 million, while FC Valencia, with € 56.4 million (2006/07) compared to Real Madrid, received around 41% of its revenues. Smaller clubs receive only a fraction of such amounts.
In the recent past, decentralised marketing has also led to a real “television war” between two media companies. Pay-TV operator Sogecable, as the majority owner of Audiovisual Sport, held the rights to all Spanish professional clubs for a long time, but from the 2006/07 season onwards the media production company Mediapro began to bind more and more clubs to itself with extremely lucrative contracts. Initially it was agreed that Digital+ and Canal+ (both majority-owned by Sogecable) could broadcast the matches via Pay Per View or encrypted, while La Sexta, a free-to-air channel controlled by Mediapro, broadcast a Saturday match at 10 pm. For € 150 million, Mediapro also received the rights to the secondary exploitation of all games as well as the foreign rights. At the beginning of the 2007/08 season, however, the two companies were involved in a fierce dispute and accused each other of not having met their payment obligations.
As a result, Mediapro, with the support of LFP (Profiliga), broadcast more free TV matches than initially agreed. Both opponents also sent letters to all the teams they had contracted with and asked them not to let their competitors into the stadium. Since Mediapro was responsible for the foreign broadcasts, this conflict also led to numerous transmission failures on the international stage.
Sponsors
In contrast to numerous other leagues in Europe, name sponsoring was unusual for a long time. It was not until the 2007/08 season, for example, that the professional league decided to change the name of a competition for the first time. In the same season, the Segunda División received the official name Liga BBVA. Finally, in the 2008/09 season, this name was changed to the first division, while the second division was given the name Liga Adelante. In the media, however, these names had not become established. For the 2016/17 season, the league signed a sponsorship agreement with Banco Santander, which gave the first two leagues the names LaLiga Santander and LaLiga 1 | 2 | 3 for three years. This was based on the colloquial name La Liga, under which the league had previously been known.
Club name sponsoring is very unusual for club names, a club was renamed for the first time in April 2011: FC Getafe was renamed Getafe Team Dubai after it was taken over by the Royal Emirates Group. Name sponsoring is also rare in stadiums. Currently, only the Iberostar Estadi bears the name of a sponsor.
The income from jersey sponsoring is rather underdeveloped in international comparison. According to the European Jersey Report 2010/11 of the market research company Sport+Markt, the Primera División, with € 57.5 million per year, ranks fifth in this segment, behind the Premier League (128 million), the Bundesliga (118.5 million), Serie A (65.9 million) and Ligue 1 (58.8 million), as well as immediately ahead of the Dutch Eredivisie (42 million). In addition, almost 40% of the total €57.5 million income comes from jersey advertising for a single club, Real Madrid: the “royals” receive around €23 million a year from Bwin, clearly ahead of Atlético Madrid (€10 million, KIA) and FC Valencia (€3.5 million, Unibet) One reason for the poor performance so far in an international comparison is the fact that FC Barcelona, one of the league’s financial driving forces, has voluntarily given up jersey sponsorship. Only since the 2011/12 season has the emblem of the Qatar Foundation been visible on the front of the jerseys instead of the UNICEF logo (for which FC Barcelona did not receive any money).
Overall, there is also a clear difference between the two big clubs from Madrid and Barcelona and the rest in the area of merchandising and sponsoring in Spain. Real Madrid stands out particularly in this respect. In the 2007/08 financial year, the Madrileneans generated € 129.0 million in this way and were thus second only to FC Bayern Munich with € 176.5 million and ahead of FC Barcelona with € 101.1 million, in an international comparison.
Kick-off times
Normally, the Primera División games take place on Saturday, Sunday or Monday. The majority of the games are played on Sundays. In the 2011/12 season, the league’s kick-off times changed to better serve the Asian market. Since then, a game has started at 12 noon on Sundays. Currently, every match – with the exception of the last two match days – is kicked off at a different time from Friday to Monday evening.
Records
The naming of team records is complicated in the Primera División, because due to the change of the participating teams the records always have very different statements. The absolute value, for example, is for the team with the fewest overall defeats in a season Real Madrid (1931/32) and Athletic Bilbao (1929/30), since both remained without defeat. However, they only played 18 games. In the 1988/89 season, Real Madrid suffered only one defeat in 38 matches. The same applies to the most goals scored by a team in a season. In absolute terms, Real Madrid lead with 121 goals in 2011/12 (38 games), while FC Barcelona scored 96 goals in 30 games in 1958/59. In relative terms, Barcelona are just ahead of Madrid (3.2 to 3.18). Real Madrid’s 1960/61 season is judged to be the best of all time in terms of points and wins.
The most successful player in the Primera División is Francisco Gento, who won twelve championships. The most successful coach is his long-time coach Miguel Muñoz with a total of 13 titles.
Lionel Messi is the most successful goalscorer within a season. The Argentinian scored 50 goals in 37 games in the 2011/12 season, breaking the record set by Cristiano Ronaldo, who had scored 41 times in 34 games the previous year. Previously, the 60-year-old Zarra goal record (38 goals) had only been achieved by Hugo Sánchez in the 1989/90 season. Cristiano Ronaldo is the only player to have scored at least 30 goals each in six consecutive seasons. 19] Cristiano Ronaldo scored the most penalty kicks (57). 20] Most goals in a single match were scored by Bata (on 8 February 1931 at 12-1 Athletic Bilbao vs FC Barcelona) and László Kubala (on 10 February 1952 at 9-0 FC Barcelona vs Sporting Gijón), each scoring seven goals.